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1 member
[ˈmembə] noun1) a person who belongs to a group, club, society, trade union etc:عُضْوThe association has three thousand members.
2) short for Member of Parliament. M.P -
2 Member of the Acoustical Society of America
Abbreviation: MASAУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Member of the Acoustical Society of America
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3 Member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Abbreviation: MASMEУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
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4 Member of the American Society of Pension Actuaries
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Member of the American Society of Pension Actuaries
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5 Member of the British Computer Society
Abbreviation: MBCSУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Member of the British Computer Society
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6 Member of the Linnaean Society
Abbreviation: MLSУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Member of the Linnaean Society
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7 Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry
Chemistry: MRSCУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry
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8 Member of the Royal Society of Health
General subject: MRSHУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Member of the Royal Society of Health
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9 Associate Member of the British Computer Society
Computers: AMBCSУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Associate Member of the British Computer Society
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10 Associate Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry
General subject: AMRSCУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Associate Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry
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11 Associate Member of the Society of Engineers
Abbreviation: AMSEУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Associate Member of the Society of Engineers
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12 Fellow Member of the British Computer Society
Computers: FMBCSУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Fellow Member of the British Computer Society
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13 член общества
Русско-Английский новый экономический словарь > член общества
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14 Bürger
m; -s, -1. citizen; weitS. auch member of society; (Stadtbewohner) resident, inhabitant; braver Bürger upright citizen ( oder member of society); friedlicher Bürger peaceful citizen; Bürger in Uniform soldier2. soziologisch: middle-class citizen, member of the middle classes; bourgeois3. HIST. burgher, freeman* * *der Bürger(Angehöriger der Mittelklasse) middle-class citizen; bourgeois;(Einwohner) inhabitant; citizen;(historisch) burgher; burgess; freeman* * *Bur|germ (COOK)burger* * *der2) (a member of a state or country: a British citizen; a citizen of the USA.) citizen* * *Bür·ger(in)<-s, ->[ˈbʏrgɐ]m(f) citizen* * *der; Bürgers, Bürger: citizen* * *braver Bürger upright citizen ( oder member of society);friedlicher Bürger peaceful citizen;Bürger in Uniform soldier2. soziologisch: middle-class citizen, member of the middle classes; bourgeois3. HIST burgher, freeman* * *der; Bürgers, Bürger: citizen* * *- m.bourgeois n.burgess n.burgher n.citizen n.commoner n.townsman n.townsmen n. -
15 Donkin, Bryan I
[br]b. 22 March 1768 Sandoe, Northumberland, Englandd. 27 February 1855 London, England[br]English mechanical engineer and inventor.[br]It was intended that Bryan Donkin should follow his father's profession of surveyor and land agent, so he spent a year or so in that occupation before he was apprenticed to John Hall, millwright of Dartford, Kent. Donkin remained with the firm after completing his apprenticeship, and when the Fourdrinier brothers in 1802 introduced from France an invention for making paper in continuous lengths they turned to John Hall for help in developing the machine: Donkin was chosen to undertake the work. In 1803 the Fourdriniers established their own works in Bermondsey, with Bryan Donkin in charge. By 1808 Donkin had acquired the works, but he continued to manufacture paper-making machines, paying a royalty to the patentees. He also undertook other engineering work including water-wheels for driving paper and other mills. He was also involved in the development of printing machinery and the preservation of food in airtight containers. Some of these improvements were patented, and he also obtained patents relating to gearing, steel pens, paper-making and railway wheels. Other inventions of Bryan Donkin that were not patented concerned revolution counters and improvements in accurate screw threads for use in graduating mathematical scales. Donkin was elected a member of the Society of Arts in 1803 and was later Chairman of the Society's Committee of Mechanics and a Vice-President of the society. He was also a member of the Royal Astronomical Society. In 1818 a group of eight young men founded the Institution of Civil Engineers; two of them were apprentices of Bryan Donkin and he encouraged their enterprise. After a change in the rules permitted the election of members over the age of 35, he himself became a member in 1821. He served on the Council and became a Vice- President, but he resigned from the Institution in 1848.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1838. Vice-President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1826–32, 1835–45. Member, Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers 1835; President 1843. Society of Arts Gold Medal 1810, 1819.Further ReadingS.B.Donkin, 1949–51, "Bryan Donkin, FRS, MICE 1768–1855", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 27:85–95.RTS -
16 Voelcker, John Christopher
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 24 September 1822 Frankfurt am Main, Germanyd. 5 December 1884 England[br]German analytical chemist resident in England whose reports on feedstuffs and fertilizers had a considerable influence on the quality of these products.[br]The son of a merchant in the city of his birth, John Christopher had delicate health and required private tuition to overcome the loss of his early years of schooling. At the age of 22 he went to study chemistry at Göttingen University and then worked for a short time for Liebig at Giessen. In 1847 he obtained a post as Analyst and Consulting Chemist at the Agricultural Chemistry Association of Scotland's Edinburgh office, and two years later he became Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Agricultural College in Cirencester, retaining this post until 1862. In 1855 he was appointed Chemist to the Bath and West Agricultural Society, and in that capacity organized lectures and field trials, and in 1857 he also became Consulting Chemist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England. Initially he studied the properties of farmyard manure and also the capacity of the soil to absorb ammonia, potash and sodium. As Consulting Chemist to farmers he analysed feedstuffs and manures; his assessments of artificial manures did much to force improvements in standards. During the 1860s he worked on milk and dairy products. He published the results of his work each year in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. In 1877 he became involved in the field trials initiated and funded by the Duke of Bedford on his Woburn farm, and he continued his association with this venture until his death.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS. Founder and Vice-President, Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1877. Member Chemical Society 1849; he was a member of Council as well as its Vice-President at the time of his death. Member of the Board of Studies, Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester; Honorary Professor from 1882.BibliographyHis papers are to be found in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, for which he began to write reports in 1855, and also in the Journal of the Bath and West Society.Further ReadingJ.H.Gilbert, 1844, obituary, Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, pp. 308–21 (a detailed account).Sir E.John Russell, A History of Agricultural Science in Great Britain.See also: Voelcker, John AugustusAPBiographical history of technology > Voelcker, John Christopher
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17 член общества
2) Economy: corporate member, member of a company (фирмы)3) Business: member of a society, member of society -
18 burger
m; -s, -1. citizen; weitS. auch member of society; (Stadtbewohner) resident, inhabitant; braver Bürger upright citizen ( oder member of society); friedlicher Bürger peaceful citizen; Bürger in Uniform soldier2. soziologisch: middle-class citizen, member of the middle classes; bourgeois3. HIST. burgher, freeman* * *der Bürger(Angehöriger der Mittelklasse) middle-class citizen; bourgeois;(Einwohner) inhabitant; citizen;(historisch) burgher; burgess; freeman* * *Bur|germ (COOK)burger* * *der2) (a member of a state or country: a British citizen; a citizen of the USA.) citizen* * *Bür·ger(in)<-s, ->[ˈbʏrgɐ]m(f) citizen* * *der; Bürgers, Bürger: citizen* * *…burger [-bøːɐɡɐ] m im subst; -s, -; GASTR …burger;Cheeseburger cheeseburger;Fischburger fishburger;Nussburger nutburger;Sojaburger soy(a)burger;Tofuburger tofuburger* * *der; Bürgers, Bürger: citizen* * *- m.bourgeois n.burgess n.burgher n.citizen n.commoner n.townsman n.townsmen n. -
19 Ramsden, Jesse
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 6 October 1735 (?) Halifax, Yorkshire, Englandd. 5 November 1800 Brighton, Sussex, England[br]English instrument-maker who developed machines for accurately measuring angular and linear scales.[br]Jesse Ramsden was the son of an innkeeper but received a good general education: after attending the free school at Halifax, he was sent at the age of 12 to his uncle for further study, particularly in mathematics. At the age of 16 he was apprenticed to a cloth-worker in Halifax and on completion of the apprenticeship in 1755 he moved to London to work as a clerk in a cloth warehouse. In 1758 he became an apprentice in the workshop of a London mathematical instrument-maker named Burton. He quickly gained the skill, particularly in engraving, and by 1762 he was able to set up on his own account. He married in 1765 or 1766 the youngest daughter of the optician John Dollond FRS (1706– 61) and received a share of Dollond's patent for making achromatic lenses.Ramsden's experience and reputation increased rapidly and he was generally regarded as the leading instrument-maker of his time. He opened a shop in the Haymarket and transferred to Piccadilly in 1775. His staff increased to about sixty workers and apprentices, and by 1789 he had constructed nearly 1,000 sextants as well as theodolites, micrometers, balances, barometers, quadrants and other instruments.One of Ramsden's most important contributions to precision measurement was his development of machines for obtaining accurate division of angular and linear scales. For this work he received a premium from the Commissioners of the Board of Longitude, who published his descriptions of the machines. For the trigonometrical survey of Great Britain, initiated by General William Roy FRS (1726–90) and continued by the Board of Ordnance, Ramsden supplied a 3 ft (91 cm) theodolite and steel measuring chains, and was also engaged to check the glass tubes used to measure the fundamental base line.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1786; Royal Society Copley Medal 1795. Member, Imperial Academy of St Petersburg 1794. Member, Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers 1793.Bibliography1774, Description of a New Universal Equatorial Instrument, London; repub. 1791. 1777, Description of an Engine for Dividing Mathematical Instruments, London. 1779, Description of an Engine for Dividing Straight Lines on MathematicalInstruments, London.1779, "Description of two new micrometers", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 69:419–31.1782, "A new construction of eyeglasses for such telescopes as may be applied to mathematical instruments", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 73:94–99.Further ReadingR.S.Woodbury, 1961, History of the Lathe to 1850, Cleveland, Ohio; W.Steeds, 1969, A History of Machine Tools 1700–1910, Oxford (both provide a brief description of Ramsden's dividing machines).RTS -
20 Townes, Charles Hard
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 28 July 1915 Greenville, South Carolina, USA[br]American physicist who developed the maser and contributed to the development of the laser.[br]Charles H.Townes entered Furman University, Greenville, at the early age of 16 and in 1935 obtained a BA in modern languages and a BS in physics. After a year of postgraduate study at Duke University, he received a master's degree in physics in 1936. He then went on to the California Institute of Technology, where he obtained a PhD in 1939. From 1939 to 1947 he worked at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, mainly on airborne radar, although he also did some work on radio astronomy. In 1948 he joined Columbia University as Associate Professor of Physics and in 1950 was appointed a full professor. He was Director of the University's Radiation Laboratory from 1950 to 1952, and from 1952 to 1955 he was Chairman of the Physics Department.To meet the need for an oscillator generating very short wavelength electromagnetic radiation, Townes in 1951 realized that use could be made of the different natural energy levels of atoms and molecules. The practical application of this idea was achieved in his laboratory in 1953 using ammonia gas to make the device known as a maser (an acronym of microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). The maser was developed in the next few years and in 1958, in a joint paper with his brother-in-law Arthur L. Schawlow, Townes suggested the possibility of a further development into optical frequencies or an optical maser, later known as a laser (an acronym of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). Two years later the first such device was made by Theodore H. Maiman.In 1959 Townes was given leave from Columbia University to serve as Vice-President and Director of Research at the Institute for Defense Analyses until 1961. He was then appointed Provost and Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1967 he became University Professor of Physics at the University of California, where he has extended his research interests in the field of microwave and infra-red astronomy. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American Astronomical Society.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize for Physics 1964. Foreign Member, Royal Society of London. President, American Physical Society 1967. Townes has received many awards from American and other scientific societies and institutions and honorary degrees from more than twenty universities.BibliographyTownes is the author of many scientific papers and, with Arthur L.Schawlow, ofMicrowave Spectroscopy (1955).1980, entry, McGraw-Hill Modern Scientists and Engineers, Part 3, New York, pp. 227– 8 (autobiography).1991, entry, The Nobel Century, London, p. 106 (autobiography).Further ReadingT.Wasson (ed.), 1987, Nobel Prize Winners, New York, pp. 1,071–3 (contains a short biography).RTS
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